Caris Story Essay Example for Free

Caris Story Essay How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passage and pharynx spread into her sinuses? The pharynx connects to the nasal meatuses, which can in turn cause an infection. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? Macrophages in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli protect Cari’s lungs. How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Her lung compliance will increase because of trying to force gases in and out of the alveoli. The lungs are filled with fluid due to pneumonia. How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? Her respiratory rate would rise due to shallow breaths. Normal blood oxygen saturation levels are greater than 94 percent; Cari’s blood oxygen saturation level was 90 percent at the time of her exam and initial arterial blood gas analysis done when she was admitted to the hospital revealed her arterial PO2 was 55mmHG. How do these clinical findings relate to the internal respiration in Cari’s body? The arteries have too much oxygen. A normal resting level should be around 94% without any additional oxygen. How would you have expected Cari’s decreased PCO2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing? Her rate of breathing would also decrease. Which anatomical structures in Cari’s respiratory system were initially involved? Nasal cavity, external/internal nares, nasopharynx, pharynx, and sinuses. Which damaging effects of tobacco smoke led to Cari’s impaired respiratory defense mechanisms? The cilia and villi begin to become hardened and die; they wouldn’t be able to filter particles through the nasal cavity, which would lead to the mucosal membrane drying out from the cigarette smoke. The lungs would then lose elasticity from over inflation of the lungs trying to supply enough air to the rest of the body.

Risk Factors Analysis of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infection

Risk Factors Analysis of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infection Seroprevallence and risk factors analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens in Bhola district, Bangladesh. Mahfuzul Islam  and Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan ABSTRACT This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors (types of chickens, age groups and seasons) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in chickens. The study was conducted from April 2011 to March 2012. A total of 480 blood samples were collected considering types of chicken (backyard chicken and commercial layer chicken), age groups (pullet, adult and old) and seasons (summer and winter) from different upazila of Bhola district of Bangladesh. On the basis of serum plate agglutination test, 268 chickens were found positive for MG (55.83%). According to the results, the higher (62.5%) and lower (53.61%) prevalence of MG infection was found in backyard chickens and commercial layer chicken respectively. The prevalence was recorded highest in pullets (60.63%) followed by adult (55.63%) and old chickens (51.25%), respectively. The prevalence was highest (60.42%) in winter and lowest (51.25%) in summer. It is usually recommended that MG infection is still an importan t disease problem in chickens in Bangladesh. So, preventive strategies, such as appropriate husbandry and hygiene, sanitary handling of chicks and eggs, routine health monitoring, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination should be emphasized. Keywords: chickens, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, risk factors, seroprevalence. INTRODUCTION In Bangladesh, poultry industry has made remarkable progress in the last decades from a backyard venture to a considerably sophisticated commercial industry. In spite of the rapid growth of poultry industry, it is still prone to certain infectious threats which may cause great economic losses. Inadequate measures adopted by the stakeholders for the control of diseases in addition to certain management problems have rendered the poultry farming a risky business. A number of microbial diseases are the major health hazards being faced by poultry industry, among which mycoplasmosis is the most important. Mycoplasmosis is caused by four major pathogens viz. M. gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagrides (MM) and M. iowae (MI) (Bradbury, 2001 and Evans et al., 2005) of which MG is the most important species that causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens (Ley, 2008). Birds of all age groups are susceptible to this disease but young birds are more prone to infection than adults (Seifi and Shirzad, 2012). MG is readily transmitted horizontally from both clinically infected and carrier birds through direct contact. Mycoplasma organisms can survive in the host bird for approximately 24 hours and fomites can serve as an infectious route. Vertical transmission from some carrier birds occurs through trans-ovarian transmission. Poultry can carry the MG organisms with no clinical signs until a stressful event triggers clinical disease. Incubation period varies from 6-21 days and presentation of clinical signs can be highly variable (Ley, 2008). The clinical signs with MG infection in chicken include respiratory rales, nasal discharge, coughing, and occasionally conjunctivitis (Ley, 2003). MG can be diagnosed by studying their different properties such as morphological, cultural characteristics, biochemical and serological properties of the causal agent (Ley, 2008). Among serological tests the serum plate agglutination (SPA) test could be used as a tool for quick detection of MG infection (Seifi and Shirzad, 2012). Commercially available attenuated strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are commonly used as vaccine within the layer industry to control MG-induced mycoplasmosis (Evans et al., 2012). However, total eradication of MG infection through test and slaughter is the most effective control method (Ley, 2003). But in practical it is expensive and the emergence of multiage complexes in the commercial layer industry makes this approach impractical (Levisohn and Kleven, 2000). Due to economic importance diagnosis and prophylaxis of avian mycoplasmosis have received attention. Reports on seroprevalence of mycoplasmosis in chickens are very much limited in the Bhola district of Bangladesh. So, the aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in chickens and analysis the risk factors (types of chickens, age groups and seasons) to take effective control measures such as appropr iate husbandry and hygiene, sanitary handling of chicks and eggs, routine health monitoring, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in the Laboratory of District veterinary hospital, District Livestock Office, Bhola, Bangladesh during the period from April 2011 to March 2012. Study area and selection of bird: A total of 480 blood samples were collected from the wing vein of unvaccinated and healthy chickens considering types of chicken (Backyard Chicken and Commercial layer Chicken), age groups (pullet, adult and old) and seasons (summer and winter) from different upazila of Bhola district of Bangladesh Blood collection and serum preparation: In live birds, 2 mL blood were collected from wing vein by using fresh disposable plastic syringe (5 mL) and collected blood was kept in room temperature for about 1-2 hour(s). A clean straw color serum was seen around the clotted clump and the serum was poured into a labeled screw capped vial and stored at -20 ºC until used. Serum plate agglutination (SPA) test: The SPA test was conducted with crystal violet stained M. gallisepticum commercial antigen (Nobilis ® MG) obtained from Intervet Company Ltd. (The Netherlands). Following the manufacturers instruction, 0.03 mL antigen and 0.03 mL serum was placed side by side with pipette in a glass plate and mixed well by stirring with glass rod, followed by rocking. Results were read within 2 min. In positive cases granules were formed slowly which could be seen during rocking. In the negative case, no such granules were formed. Agglutination was assigned score from +1 to +3. Only the sera samples having agglutination score +2 or greater were recorded as positive and were included for calculation of percent prevalence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Overall prevalence of MG infection in backyard and commercial layer chicken The overall prevalence of MG infection was 55.83% (Table 1). The present finding is in agreement with previous reports of Godoy et al. (2001), Biswas et al. (2003) and Zhang et al. (2001) who reported 59.1%, 54.9% and 53.0% seroprevalence of MG infection in chickens, respectively. Results also showed a higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in backyard checkens (62.5%) as compared to commercial layer chicken (53.61%). Hossain et al. (2007) showed the overall seroprevalence of MG infection in different flocks of commercial layer chicken in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh was recorded as 55.13%. Similar reports were demonstrated by Sikder et al. (2005) who reported 56.9% seropositive layer chickens for MG infection in Patuakhali district and by Sarkar et al. (2005) who reported 58.9% seropositive layer chickens for MG infection in some model breeder poultry farms in Feni district of Bangladesh. On the other hand, there was no seroprevallence data available in case of backyard checkens. But in this studty the higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in backyard checkens is may be due to more natural infection. Prevalence of MG infection in different ages Results showed the maximum prevalence in pullets (60.63%) followed by adult (55.63%) and old (51.25) chickens, respectively (Table 2). Previously, Mukhtar et al. (2012) recorded the highest prevalence (54.84 %) was found in pullets, followed by 46.34 %, and 44.44 % in adult and old laying flocks, respectively. This finding also supports the report of Hossain et al. (2007) who recorded the highest prevalence of MG infection was 72.72% in 18-25 weeks age group whereas lowest prevalence was 44.00% in 66 weeks and above age group. Similar report was also demonstrated by Sikder et al. (2005) who reported highest MG infection (71.42%) at 18 weeks of age and lowest (55.17%) at 63 weeks of age. This finding also supports the report of Sarkar et al. (2005) who recorded 73.80% MG infection at 20 weeks of age in comparison to 45.16% at 55 weeks of age. Highest infection in the young chickens is due to the vertical transmission of the organisms. Seasonal incidence of MG infection Results showed a higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in winter (60.42%) as compared to the summer (51.25%) season (Table 3) and similar report was published earlier (Sarkar et al., 2005) that reported 62.4% prevalence of MG infection in winter in comparison to 53.1% in summer. Similar to our findings, higher prevalence of MG infection during winter season (61.48 %) than in summer (47.74 %) has been reported earlier (Heleili et al., 2011). Mukhtar et al. (2012) showed the disease was more prevalent in winter season (45.13 %) in comparison with the summer season (36.30 %). Hossain et al. (2007) showed the seropositivity in chickens was 61.49% in winter compared to 47.74% in summer. Similar report was demonstrated by Sarkar et al. (2005) who reported 62.44% prevalence in winter in comparison to 53.10% in summer. This seasonal variation in infection might be due to the sudden change in temperature and cold stress on the birds. CONCLUSIONS In consequence, M. gallisepticum is prevalent in Bhola district of Bangladesh and also it could cause severe economic losses. The prevalence of MG infection is higher in backyard chickens in comparison to commercial layer chickens. Additionally, it was proved that the occurrence of MG have a consequential relationship with age groups and seasons. Keeping in view, efforts should be made towards educating the poultry farmers for the effective control of MG in both backyard and commercial poultry farms through improving biosecurity. Moreover, detailed studied on the country wide prevalence of MG should be designed to know the current status of disease in Bangladesh. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. Pradip Kumar Karmaker, District Livestock Officer, Bhola for his constructive and informative suggestions and constant inspiration in course of the research work period. REFERENCES Biswas PK, Rahman MA, Biswas D, Ahmed S (2003). A longitudinal study on the prevalence of endemic diseases affecting semi-scavenging poultry reared under PLDP area. Paper presented in 9th BSVER Conference, Publication No. 24: 24-25. Bradbury JM (2001). Avian mycoplasmosis. In: Poultry Diseases, 5th edn, W. B. Saunders Company, Iowa, USA; pp 178-193. Evans JD, Leigh SA, Branton SL, Collier SD, Pharr GT and Bearson SM (2005). Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Current and developing means to control the avian pathogen. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 14:757-763. Evans JD, Leigh SA, Purswell JL, Jacob R, Peebles ED, Collier SD, Branton SL (2012). A comparative study of live attenuated F strain-derived Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines. Avian Dis., Jun;56:396-401. Godoy A, Andrade LF, Colmenares O, Bermudez V, Herrera A, Munoz N (2001). Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in egg-laying hens. Vet. Trop., 26: 25-33. Heleili N, Mamache BI, Chelihi A. (2011), Incidence of Avian Mycoplasmosis in theregion of Batna, Eastern Algeria. Vet. World, 4: 101-105. Hossain KMM, Ali MY, Haque MI (2007), Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chicken in the greater rajshahi district of Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Vet. Med. 5: 09–14. Levisohn S, Kleven SH (2000). Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum). Rev. Sci. Tech., 19: 425-442. Ley DH (2003). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Diseases of poultry. 11th ed. (Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM, eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa; pp 722-744. Ley DH (2008). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In: Disease of Poultry, 12th edn. (Fadly AM, Gilson JR, Mc Dougald LR, Nolan LK and Swanye DE, eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. pp 807-834. Mukhtar M, Awais MM, Anwar MI, Hussain Z, Bhatti N, Ali S (2012), Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among commercial layers in Faisalabad, Pakistan. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 8: 183-186. Sarkar SK, Rahman MB, Rahman M, Amin KMR, Khan MFR, Rahman MM (2005). Sero-prevalence of Mycoplasma galliseplicum infection in chickens in model breeder poultry farms of Bangladesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 32-35. Seifi S and Shirzad MR (2012). Seroprevalence and risk factors of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in Iranian broiler breeder farms. Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 4: 45-48. Sikder AJ, Islam MA, Rahman MM, Rahman MB (2005). Seroprevalence of Salmonella and Mycoplasma gallisetpticum infection in the six model breeder poultry farms at Patuakhili district in Bangladesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 905-910. Zhang JH, Wang DRBi MH, Han B, Gao AX (2001). Prevalence and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broilers in Inner Mongolia. Chin. J. Vet. Sci. Technol., 31: 12-13. Table 1: Overall seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens Legend: No.=Number, %=Percentage Table 2: Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among various age group Legend: No.=Number, %=Percentage Table 3: Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among seasons Legend: No.=Number, %=Percentage 1

Does Rape Justify Abortion? Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Does Rape Justify Abortion?      Ã‚   Rape is a horrendous crime, leaving a woman in a state of mental, physical, and emotional turmoil. When a woman becomes pregnant as the result of rape (which happens less than 1 percent of the time), abortion will not take away the trauma, the nightmares, the pain -- but it may add to them.    According to a survey conducted by Dr. David Reardon of the Elliot Institute in 1990, the psychological complications of abortion include guilt, nervous disorders, nightmares, and memory loss (over 100 psychiatric reactions in all). Additionally, if there was a pre-existing disordered state (like rape), abortion may cause a worsening of psychological functioning.    Because of problems with our justice system, rapists often walk free without punishment, while the child conceived in rape may suffer the ultimate injustice - death. Abortion supporters have argued for abortion in cases of rape at the expense of the emotional, physical and mental stability of thousands of women, as well as the lives of children.    By the way, in every one of the 56 countries that now have abortion on demand, the initial step taken by abortion-rights activists was the intense lobbying for abortion in the so-called 'hard cases' -- fetal deformity, rape and incest.    The basic question to ask yourself is: "Is there a victim involved in abortion?" There are many who say that there is not, that the preborn child is just a mass of tissue, a part of the woman's body. If this were the case, then no one would have any reason to oppose abortion any more than they would oppose tonsillectomies or appendectomies.    But is that the case? Developments in the science of fetology have given us greater... ... Collins, V. J.   Principles of Anesthesiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Fabiger, 1976. Hamlin, H. "Life or Death by EEG." Journal of the Amedos. Medical A's',, 1W12/84, p. 20. Hooker and Davenport. The Prenatal Origin of Behavior. Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1952. Noonan, "The Experience of Pain, New Perspectives on Human Abortion." N.p.: A1etheia Books, 1981. p.213. Reinis, Stanislaw and Jerome M. Goldman. The Development of the Brain. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1980. Rockwell, P.E.,M.D. Director of Anesthesiology, Leonard Hospital, Troy, NY, U.S. Supreme Court, Markle vs. Abele, 72-56, 72-730, 1972. P.11 The Silent Scream. Cleveland, OH: American Portrait Films, 1984. Tanner, J.M. and G.R. Taylor, Time-Life Books. Growth, New York: Life Science Life, 1965. p.64.

V5 Neuropsychology,Patient Impact And Family Considerations :: Biology Biological Research Papers

V5 Neuropsychology,Patient Impact And Family Considerations Neuropsychology After an individual damages the MT/v5 area of the occipital lobe, it can be very beneficial for the individual to go through neuropsychological evaluations to assess their perceptual and cognitive abilities post-trauma or surgery. A Neuropsychologist determines what tests are appropriate to adequately identify the extent of the cognitive and behavioral consequential effects associated with the damage sustained by the MT/v5 area. In the example of SF, the epileptic mentioned earlier by (Nawrot et al, 2000), SF had a series of motion perception test administered to determine the effects of her surgery. In the case of SF, pre and post-surgery tests were given to measure how the removal of the lesion in the MT+ area of her occipital lobe effected her perceptual abilities. The random dot cinematograms (RDC) test, was selected to measure SF perception and the consequential effects of damage sustained to her occipital lobe areas. After these tests were administered, the Neuropsychologist is able to rank the patients test score against the mean scores that represent normal performance range. In the case of SF, the perception tests were able to show the amount of time it took for her MT/v5 area to adapt to its new conditions. The Neuropsychologist then compares SF's perceptual performance to her pre-surgery ranges. These results helped (Nawrot et al, 2000) suggest that either dendritic sprouting or the opposite hemisphere compensation occurred in order to compensate for damage of SF MT/v5 area. The importance of these tests, are to help the Neuropsychologist determine the necessary steps needed for the rehabilitation of the patient. In the case of SF, these results helped conclude that the removal of lesion in the MT to reduce her seizures was worth it. The amount of seizures was greatly reduced post surgery and the visual and perceptual deficits experienced by SF after the surgery were short lived. Another example of the types of tests used by Neuropsychologist to identify the effects of head trauma, are illustrated in the case study of BC, a 45 year old women with visual-perceptual deficits. (Vaina et al, 2002, p. 465) The Performance part of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) was administered by the Neuropsychologist to assess BC's perceptual and cognitive abilities. Three tests in the Performance IQ set were administered, Picture Completion, Block Design, and Object

Bruce Dawe Homecoming Essay

Bruce Dawe is a famous and iconic Australian poet; his poems feature his numerous personal experiences and opinions about the futility and brutality of war. Bruce Dawe oft questions the need and validity of war; he talks about the dehumanization and utter brutality the young Australian men face. The poem â€Å"Homecoming† raises the public issue of military dehumanization and the futility of the men who enlist. This poem provokes us as individuals, and as a society to question why. In Bruce Dawe’s â€Å"Homecoming†, he explores personal and public issue of lack of identity and the indiscriminate slaughter of young men in the Vietnam War. Dawe refers to green bodies in â€Å"green plastic bags†, shows the lack of identity and invokes emotions from the reader. The dead soldiers are also being categorized as â€Å"curly heads, kinky-hairs, crew-cuts and balding non-coms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this categorization further reinforces the idea of dehumanization and lack of identity. This certain technique gives us a detailed insight into the personal and public issues that families and the public would have faced. Another technique used in â€Å"Homecoming† that helps us gain an insight into the personal and public experiences is the use of irony. The title homecoming usually implies a heroic or celebratory return with family and friends. It also invokes a sense of anticipation for the return of a particular individual, however the title is ironic as the â€Å"Homecoming†, is related to the mourning and death of a nameless soldier. Another affective us of irony would be the repetition of the suffix -ing; â€Å"picking†, â€Å"zipping†, â€Å"tagging†, â€Å"giving† and â€Å"bringing†. These words are the actions of the processors; they usually imply life and strength but are used ironically as the processors handle the cold, limp and lifeless bodies. This also gives us an interesting insight into the personal problems families and friends would have to endure. Bruce Dawe explores different personal and public issues within his poems. In â€Å"Homecoming†, he talks about the futility and lack of identity these young  soldiers face. He explores these different personal and public issues through a use of effective techniques such as irony, repetition, imagery, metaphors and rhythm. All of these techniques give us a compelling insight into the personal experiences and public issues of the Vietnam war.

Global Health

This is a reaction essay to Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak retrieved from According to A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia,â€Å"Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases a toxin that causes increased release of water from cells in the intestines, which produces severe diarrhea (National Institute of Health ,U.S. National Library of Medicine – The World's Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012). † If left untreated, it can kill within hours and almost eighty percent of cases can be successfully treated with oral rehydration salts. People get infected by eating or drinking contaminated food and water and it usually manifests in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine like Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. The availability of safe drinking water and proper sanitation is critical in reducing the impact of cholera and other waterborne diseases.Oral cholera vaccine also reduces the risk of death by fifty percent . Sierra Leone, a West African country that has been ravaged by wars for years , experienced the worst Cholera outbreak in fifteen years. As of september 19th of this year, 19000 cases and 274 deaths have been reported. It was unusual for the Cholera outbreaks to occur in February , the middle of the dry season because most cholera outbreaks take place in the rainy season. At the onset of the cholera outbreak, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, WHO , UNICEF and Medecins Sans Frontieres-Belgium worked together to detect, confirm ,treat and prevent the cholera outbreak .But when it started raining in June, cholera spread rapidly and by August, 2000 cases were reported per week. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation have also set up a network for all health centres to report daily cases of outbreaks and have been working with W HO and partners in spreading messages about safe drinking water, hand washing and food preparation. WHO has also brought in additional experts in epidemiology, surveillance, logistics, social mobilization, water and sanitation from other WHO country offices and set up a ‘ Cholera command and control centre’.Inspite of all these efforts, there is a severe shortage of oral rehydration salts and they are expecting 32 000 cases in this outbreak. * ————————————————- â€Å"? The health of a country is often based on infant and mother morbidity and mortality rates (GCH-205-DL2, Module 4, Lauren Savaglio). † In 2007, Sierra Leone had the highest level of child mortality in the world. Maternal mortality is also one of the highest in the world. One in eight women risk dying during pregnancy and childbirth. The infant mortality rate of Sierra Leone is 123 deaths p er 1000 live births in 2009 .Babies born in Sierra Leone in 2005 had a life expectancy of only 38 years. So it can be said that public health is generally poor in Sierra Leone. â€Å"Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and causes of health and illness in populations (Jacobsen,p. 7). † In the case of the cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone, the infections started in the western area of the country where the capital, Freetown, is located. Cholera outbreaks usually occur in the rainy season but the outbreak in Sierra Leone started in February which is in the middle of the dry month.According to World Health Organization, â€Å" Cholera is an extremely virulent disease. It affects both children and adults and can kill within hours. About 75% of people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 7–14 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people. Among people who develop symptoms, 80% have mild or moderate symptoms, while around 20% develop acute watery diarrhoea with severe dehydration. This can lead to death if untreated.People with low immunity – such as malnourished children or people living with HIV – are at a greater risk of death if infected (National Institute of health ,U. S. National Library of Medicine – The World's Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012). † Therefore the risk factors of transmission of Cholera in a developing country like Sierra Leone is very high since there is no adequate environmental management and no minimum requirements for clean drinking water and sanitation. Like Jacobsen states in the textbook, Introduction to Global Health, â€Å"†¦ eep in mind socioeconomic, political, behavioral, and environmental risk factors that contribute to creating the context in which the disease occurs(Jacobsen,p. 13). † * ——â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Since cholera causes dehydration, the disease is treated using oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is basically a solution made with water, sugar and salts. They can be bought as prepackaged mixtures or can also be made at home by combining clean, boiled 1 litre of water with 8 teaspoons of sugar and 1 teaspoon of salt.But sometimes, severe cases of cholera require intravenous fluid replacement. Antibiotics can shorten illness, but should still be used in combination with the Oral Rehydration Therapy. The most basic way of preventing cholera is making sure communities prone to these epidemics have access to clean water and proper sanitation . Communities should also be educated about the importance of proper hygiene like hand-washing with soap after using the restroom and before cooking or eating . They should also be educated about safe handling , preparation and storage of food .Media such as radio, television or newspapers and even community and religious leaders can also be effective in spreading health education messages. And at times, early detection of the outbreak and timely provisions of treatment , like in the Sierra Leone case, is also necessary to reduce the number of deaths. * ————————————————- I think, at the onset of the outbreak, Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Health and Sanitation did a great job in working with the government and other health sectors to confirm the outbreak of the disease even though the country has very few resources and capacity.With the help of WHO, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and partners including UNICEF and Medecins Sans Frontieres-Belgium was also able to detect, treat and prevent the spread of cholera. They also set up a â€Å" cholera command and control centre† and trained healt h workers in cholera treatment and prevention. They were successful in reducing the number of outbreaks to fewer than 40 per week but when the rainy season started in June, the epidemic spread rapidly to other districts and the number of cases arose to 2000 per week. But it should be noted that in Freetown, where the first outbreak occurred, there has been ignificant reduction of cases. WHO’s Representative in Sierra Leone, Dr Wondimagegnehu Alemu, states that many villages affected by the epidemic still face a shortage of Oral Rehydration Therapy solution, the most effective and life saving treatment for an outbreak like this. The cholera epidemic in Sierra Leone made me realize how health inequalities does exist between the poor and rich population and how â€Å" even with improved prevention and therapeutic techniques, infectious diseases continue to be health risk in all populations (Jacobsen,p. 1). † It is also evident that the Socioeconomic status (SES) of Sierra Leone has played a major role in the cause and prevention of this cholera epidemic. Like Dr. Alemu mentioned in the article, an outbreak like this is a â€Å"major crisis for a country with a fragile health system recovering from several years of conflict (Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012). But looking at the bright side, Dr Eugene Lam, epidemic intelligence service officer from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) working for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative,states that â€Å" Messages about safe drinking water, hand washing and food preparation will not only reduce the cholera infections but also reduce all diarrhoeal disease, a big killer of children under-five in Sierra Leone (Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012). Jacobsen states in the preface to the textbook â€Å" If health is a human right, then basic health care and protection from preventable diseases should be available to all people , regardless of the condition that have made them vulnerable to illness, disability, and premature death (Jacobsen,preface xi). † I only hope one day by working together as a global community , we can make sure every single human being, irrespective of their socioeconomic status , can achieve a â€Å"state of complete physical, mental and social well- being (Jacobsen)†. * ————————————————- ————————————————- * ————————————————- References: * —————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Health topics:Cholera in Sierra Leone: the case study of an outbreak; World Health Organization, September 2012. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/features/2012/cholera_sierra_leone/en/index. html on September 30th,2012. * ————————————————- National Institute of health ,U. S. National Library of Medicine – The World's Largest Medical Library,A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, May 30th 2012 . Retrieved from www. ncbi. nlm. nih. ov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001348/ on September 30th,2012 * ————————————————- * ————————————————- Health statistics of Sierra Leone;World Health Organization,2012. Retrieved from http://www. who. int/countries /sle/en/index. html on september 30th, 2012 . * ————————————————- * ————————————————- Introduction to Global Health, Kathryn H. Jacobsen . * ————————————————- * ————————————————- GCH-205-DL2 (FALL 2012), Module 4, Lauren Savaglio.

Poor Academic Performance in Mathematics

The study sought to determine the effects of Math Enrichment Approach and Math Trail Activity Approach as interventions to solve the respondents’ poor academic performance in Mathematics IV as a result of the following causes: negative attitudes towards mathematics, parents’ socio-economic status and difficulty of the subject.The study further sought to compare the respondents’ pre-test as affected by their negative attitudes towards mathematics and post-test as influenced by the interventions.The study adapted the studies of Beaton & Dwyer (2002), Kellaghan&Madaus (2002) on the causes of poor academic performance in mathematics. The instruments used were the teacher-made pre-test and post-test, Aiken (1994) Mathematics Attitudes, Survey Questionnaire for the Respondents and the Socio-Economic Status Indicators by Liberatos et. al. (1998) & Simich & Dugeon & Weinstein-shr (2005).This action research has a statistical treatment of mean, standard deviation and T â €“ Test for the significant difference.  Results revealed that the major cause of the respondents’ poor academic performance in Mathematics 1V was their negative attitudes towards mathematics. This was confirmed by Broussard & Garrison (2004) on his study.Math enrichment and Math trail approaches were effective interventions to poor academic performance in Mathematics IV.Introduction Mathematics is a changing body of knowledge rather than a set of rules to be  learned and practice. Learning mathematics is an active process where a student’s gathers, discovers or creates knowledge through a purposeful activity. An integral part of this learning process is the use of concrete models and manipulative to learn concepts. (NCTM, 2008.)Felipe (1990) as cited by Foronda (1995) said that every person must have corresponding growth in desirable degrees and types of mathematical concepts in order to orient himself satisfactorily during the changing times.Performance in ma thematics offers a valuable lens for analyzing the quality of the mathematics teaching and learning experiences. Rodd (2003.)  Poor academic performance results in the child having a negative attitudes and less motivated.(Karande & Kulkarni 2005.) Identification of the causes of poor academic performance in mathematics and execution of the interventions must beproperlyaddressed so that the respondents can perform up to their full potential prior to their entrance to tertiary level.In Gingoog City Comprehensive National High School (GCCNHS) poor academic performance in Mathematics was noticed by the researcher. In National Achievement Test (NAT) conducted recently,Mathematics mean scores were the lowest among other areas. Hence this study sought to find the causes of this problem.